eLearning That is Healthy
Landamatics, or Algo-Heuristic Theory as it was originally called, was developed by Lev Landa in the early 1950’s.
Landa (1975) said, "It is common knowledge that pupils very often possess knowledge that is necessary in a certain subject, but they cannot solve problems. Psychologists and teachers often explain this by saying that their pupils do not know how to think properly, they are unable to apply their knowledge, the processes of analysis and synthesis had not been formed in their minds, . . .".
Landa believes knowledge is made up of three elements:
1. image – the mental picture of an object,
2. concept – the knowledge of the characteristics of an object,
3. propositions – the relationships the object and it’s parts to other objects.
Specification of Theory
(a) Goals and preconditions
Problem-solving:
Processes – Sets of operations: Operations are transformations of (or changes to) material objects or mental models. (b) Principles
1. It is more important to teach algo-heuristic processes versus prescriptions.
2. Processes can be taught through prescriptions and demonstrations of operations. (Operations = changes of mental or material knowledge)
3. Discovery of processes is more valuable than providing formulated processes.
4. Individualize instruction. (c) Condition of learning
1. Instructional processes are influences directed by a “teacher” and directed at transformation. (teacher refers to any teaching agent, live or material, i.e. books, AV, computer)
2. Instructional processes are affected by teacher actions or instructional operations.
3. Instructional processes can be affected by certain conditions.
- external conditions, student psychology, teacher knowledge
4. There are three types of instructional rules: descriptive, prescriptive, and permissive. Descriptive rules are statements about what occurs. Prescriptive rules are statements about what should be done. Permissive rules indicate possible alternatives to prescriptive rules. (d) Required media
None (e) Role of facilitator
Teaching involves solving instructional problems; the teacher has to determine and perform actions that should be executed in order to meet objectives. (f) Instructional strategies
Determining Content
1. Uncover process underlying expert learners and mastery level performers.
2. Describe the process with a hypothetical descriptive model.
3. Test the correctness of the model.
4. Improve the model if necessary.
5. Optimize the model if possible.
6. Design the final algorithmic or non-algorithmic process to allow the learners to perform on a mastery level.
7. Identify learning procedures leading to the development of algorithm or heuristic performance.
8. Design algo-heuristic teaching procedures.
9. Design algo-heuristic based training materials.
10. If necessary, create a computer-based or other media based programmed instruction.
11. Design methods for evaluation.
Instructional Method 1 – The step-by-step approach
1. Present the procedure to the student and demonstrate problem solving.
2. Develop the first operation.
3. Present a problem that requires the first operation and practice that operation.
4. Develop the second operation.
5. Present a problem that requires application of both operation and practice.
6. Develop the third operation.
7. Present a problem that represents all three problems.
8. Proceed until all problems are mastered. Instructional Method 2 – Developing individual operations
1. Determine whether the student understands the meaning of a direction in the a prescription and its operations.
If yes:
2. Present a problem that requires application of the problem.
3. Name the operation (give the learner a self-command) before he/she executes the problem.
4. Present the next problem and have the learner give the command internally.
5. Continue practicing the operation until mastery.
If no:
2. Explain what the student does not understand.
3. Test the correctness of understanding and allow for practice. Provide extra explaination and practice.
4. Go to #2 under “yes” above. (g) Assessment method
Student is able to complete the operation at a mastery level. Application- Complex Sciences such Neurosciences.
Testimonials- Allstate's claim processing operation improved productivity 75% and quality 90%.
Instructional Design is the practice of maximizing the effectiveness, efficiency and appeal of instruction and other learning experiences. Instructional Design as a Process: Instructional Design is the systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction. It is the entire process of analyzing learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs. Instructional Design as a Discipline: Instructional Design is a branch of knowledge concerned with research and theory about instructional strategies and the process for developing and implementing those strategies. Instructional Design as Reality: Instructional design can be started at any stage in the design process. Often a outline of an idea is developed to give the foundation of an instruction-situation. By the time the entire process is done the designer reviews back and checks to see that all parts of the "science" have been taken into consideration. Then the entire process is documented as if it occurred in a systematic fashion.
Instructional Technology:
Instructional technology is the systemic application of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems.
Instructional Technology = Instructional Design + Instructional Development
Next Episode: How Many Instructional Design Models for E-Learning do we know.
For the second year, the City of New York is improving the way it provides information and transparency to citizens. But delivering great information requires great tools. The NYC BigApps Competition will reward the developers of the most creative, best implemented, and impactful applications for delivering information from the City of New York's NYC.gov Data Mine to interested users.App Types:
Mobile
SMS
Web Categories: Developer Tools
Eating in NYC
Exploring NYC
Getting around NYC
Living in NYC
Politics and Civics
Real Estate
Staying active in NYC For Submissions, visit http://nycbigapps.com/submissions
A great example is when American Medical Association House of Delegates met in an interim meeting in November. The outcome was a thoughtful first step, strawman maybe, but definitely a great initiative toward structuring Observable and Accountable Social Media Policies that turn in to the best interest of the entire practice and patient community.
Amplify’d from www.ama-assn.org
Social media use should mirror face-to-face patient dealings
Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter can be easy, effective and efficient ways for physicians to connect with their patients, colleagues and others in the outside world. Unfortunately, those sites also can be easy, effective and efficient ways for physicians to get themselves in trouble with their patients, colleagues and others in the outside world.
The tricky part of social media is figuring how to maintain the sort of energetic and personalized presence expected on the sites without stepping over the line into legal and ethical troubles, or without saying something inappropriate that merely reflects badly on yourself.
The policy outlines some considerations doctors should make before they venture into social media -- or should make now that they're involved with it. The guidance covers not only professionalism in social media, but also professionalism for any online presence a physician might have.
Among the policy's recommendations:
- Physicians should not post identifiable patient information online and should otherwise be aware of standards of patient privacy and confidentiality that should be maintained in every setting, including online. Any interaction with patients online, as it is in the real world, should be in accordance with professional guidelines affecting the patient-physician relationship.
- Physicians should use any available privacy settings on social media and other websites, but they also should realize that safeguards are not absolute, and that any content put online is likely to stay there permanently. Therefore, doctors routinely should monitor their Internet presence (such as by running their name through a Google search) to make sure their personal and professional information on their own sites -- and others' -- is accurate and appropriate.
- To make it eas
Read more at www.ama-assn.org- ier to maintain professional boundaries, physicians should consider separating personal and professional presences on social media and elsewhere online.
- If physicians see colleagues posting content that appears to be unprofessional, they should alert the doctors so they can remove it or take whatever appropriate action is necessary. If the doctors do not take action, and the content significantly violates professional norms, physicians must report the matter to the appropriate authorities.
- Physicians must recognize that any social media presence and actions online can negatively affect their reputations and consequences for their medical careers. The same goes for physicians-in-training and medical students.
Patients broadcasting checkin-information, feedback, efficacy is a new trend both Physicians and Patient communities are experiencing.
There are facets to such adoptions. Geolocation services can be a great marketing and publicity vehicle for pharmacies and practice organizations. Compliance to HIPAA however remains a concern and critical achievement.Amplify’d from www.ama-assn.org
Geolocation services: Have your patients put you on the map?
Mobile applications let people "check in" anywhere to let others know where they are -- including your practice. But applications also let people talk about you.
Through a technology called geolocation, mobile smartphone users have the ability to "check in" at various businesses and locations, alerting their virtual friends to their whereabouts. They do this using mobile phone applications that work with a smartphone's GPS system, which identifies the users' location.
these same applications that are allowing patients to check in allow the user to provide instant reviews, observations and critiques. So after you leave that patient's exam room, they could have feedback about their visit with you posted online before you even review the next patient's chart. Or, they could be posting critiques while they're waiting before the appointment, or waiting for you in the exam room.
But is checking in at a practice something physicians should encourage patients to do?
hen he showed his dental hygienist the list of people "checked in" at the dental office on Foursquare at that moment, "and she freaked out
"Medical professionals are trained to be cautious about medical data," Kirkpatrick said.
Anthony LaFauce, director of digital strategy for SpectrumScience, a health care public relations firm in Washington, D.C., said he has seen pharmacies using geolocation applications to promote services such as flu shots. Physician practices could do similar promotions, he said, but so far he hasn't seen any doing it.
Encouraging patients to check in might seem like an easy way to promote the practice, but Boyer said he would not recommend that, either. He said physicians who encourage patients to post to geolocation apps might send the wrong message, because it would equate to them encouraging repeat visits -- a good strategy for retailers, but not for physician practices. There's also the issue of HIPAA
Read more at www.ama-assn.orgFoursquare: Allows users to check in and earn badges or become "mayor" for checking in the most times.
Gowalla: Gives users virtual passport stamps and digital souvenirs for checking in.
Facebook Places: Allows Facebook users to check in to let their Facebook friends know where they've been.
Google Places: Allows users to find businesses based on their current locations.
Brightkite: Combines the act of checking in with the ability to follow others and to post and respond to comments.
Loopt: Combines Loopt and Facebook friends and allows users to see where their friends are on one map.
ArcGIS: Allows users to create their own customized maps using their own data.